EIACP Centre on Environmental Biotechnology

Figure: Spirulina

Application
Immune Support: Spirulina increases production of antibodies, infection-fighting proteins, and other cells that improve immunity and help ward off infection and chronic illnesses such as cancer. However, it has not been tested in people. In one clinical trial that involved humans, another type of blue-green algae called chlorella did not boost the immune response to flu vaccine.

Protein Supplement: Amino acids make up 62% of spirulina. Because it is a rich source of protein and other nutrients, spirulina has been used as a nutritional supplement. However, although spirulina contains a certain level of protein, you would need to take very large quantities to see any effect. Other sources of protein, such as nuts, legumes, whole grains, and meat, provide protein in smaller servings.

Allergic Reactions: Spirulina may protect against allergic reactions by stopping the release of histamines, substances that contribute to allergy symptoms, such as a runny nose, watery eyes, hives, and soft-tissue swelling.

Antibiotic-related Illnesses: Although antibiotics destroy unwanted organisms in the body, they may also kill "good" bacteria called probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus. This can cause diarrhea. In test tubes, spirulina has boosted the growth of L. acidophilus and other probiotics.
Infection: Test tube studies suggest that spirulina has activity against herpes, influenza, and HIV. But researchers don’t know whether it would also work in people.

Oral Cancer: Spirulina seemed to reduce a precancerous lesion known as leukoplasia in people who chewed tobacco. Lesions were more likely to go away in the spirulina group than in the placebo group.

Liver Disorders: Spirulina may help protect against liver damage and cirrhosis (liver failure) in people with chronic hepatitis.

Dietary Sources: Spirulina is a microscopic algae that flourishes in warm climates and warm alkaline water. It is available dried and freeze-dried.

Cultivation of Spirulina
The commercial design Spurulina culture system comprise a network of cement raceways with paddle-wheel agitation to prevent algal accumulation at the surface and to ensure uniform distribution of nutrients with modifications in terms of vertical reactors, tubular reactors, sloping tanks with baffles, etc. The outdoor cultivation parameters are cement raceways of vats (length-breadth ratio 1:5:1)preferably with a mid-rib for facilitating water circulation, culture medium depth 15-20 cm, agitation/flow rate 20 cm/sec, temperature 25-350c, light intensity 20-30 klux, hard ness 120 mg/l, PH 9-11, provided with nutrients.

Zarrouk’s medium for indoor cultures

Trace quantities of manganese chloride, sodium molybdate, zinc sulphate, sodium tungstate, titanium sulphate and cobalt nitrate

Medium for mass culture of Spirulina

Marketing and Products
In over 40 countries, tablets, powder and capsules are widely used supplements. Spirulina is a featured ingredient in pasta, cookies, snack bars and juice drinks, and in personal care products like skin creams and shampoos. Look for it in innovative pet supplements for fish, aquatic animals, birds, cats and dogs. Natural food colors from spirulina have been used in Japan for years. More therapeutic and nutraceutical extracts are coming.

Manufacturer

Ayurleaf Herbals (Powered By Biobaxy Technologies India)
No. 302, 3rd Floor, Shristi Plaza, Commercial Premises, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Andheri East Sakinaka,
Mumbai - 400072, Maharashtra
www.ayurleaf.in
Biobaxy Technologies India 
Shristi Plaza, Commercial Premises CHS Limited, Office No. 302, 3rd Floor, Saki Vihar Road, Powai ,
Mumbai - 400072, Maharashtra
www.wholesalemedicinecompany.com
Tvs Biotech 
No. 4/355, Ramagounder Thottam Annadanapatti,
Salem - 636002, Tamil Nadu
www.maleenhancementpills.co.in
Biobaxy Technologies India 
No. 302, 3rd Floor, Shristi Plaza, Commercial Premises, Saki Vihar Road, Powai, Andheri East, Mumbai - 400072, Maharashtra
www.pro-agra.com
Isha Agro Developers Pvt. Ltd. 
Plot No. 33, Government Industrial Estate, Charkop, Kandivali West ,
Mumbai - 400067, Maharashtra
www.herbalhills.net
Modern Times Helpline Pharma 
Shop No. G, No. 7/ 31, Ground Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj ,
Delhi - 110002, Delhi
www.indiamart.com/moderntimes
Sri International 
R. H. No. 19, Customs Colony, Military Road, Marol, Andheri East,
Mumbai - 400 059, Maharashtra
www.pharmaceuticalrawmaterials.com
Heubach International 
21, Manipar House, 1st Floor, 1st Parsiwada Lane Opposite V.P. Road Police Station,
Mumbai - 400004, Maharashtra
www.indiamart.com/heubach-international
Aarkios Health Private Limited 
No. 3-A, Bhagwan Mansion, 7 Cinema Road, Behind Metro Cinema ,
Mumbai - 400020, Maharashtra
www.aarkioshealth.com
Lipsa Impex 
Shop No. 2, 1st Floor, Rahul Bazar, Rai Udyog Complex, Near Sonchafa Jewellers, Main Road, Sitabuldi 
Nagpur - 440012, Maharashtra
www.indiamart.com/lipsaimpex

Mass culture of Tricoderma
Trichoderma spp., are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root ecosystems. They are highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments. They produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses in plants. Trichoderma strains have long been recognized as biological agents, for the control of plant disease and for their ability to increase root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses, and uptake and use of nutrients.

Figure: Tricoderma
Culture media

Storage
Contains live organisms. Do not mix with biocides. Store in cool, dry place away from sunlight. Shelf-life – 1 year from manufacture date (unopened). May be stored in a refrigerator after opening for up to 3 months. However, contamination may occur once opened. Gloves and breathing mask should be worn at all times when handling microbial products.
Application
Disease Control: Trichoderma is a potent biocontrol agent and used extensively for post-harvest disease control. It has been used successfully against various pathogenic fungi belonging to various genera, viz. Fusarium, Phytopthara, Sceleroti.a
Plant Growth Promoter: Trichoderma strains solubilize phosphates and micronutrients. The application of Trichoderma strains with plants such as grasses increases the number of deep roots, thereby increasing the plant's ability to resist drought.
Biochemical Elicitors of Disease Resistance: Trichoderma strains are known to induce resistance in plants. Three classes of compounds that are produced by Trichoderma and induce resistance in plants are now known. These compounds induce ethylene production, hypersensitive responses and other defence related reactions in plant cultivates
Transgenic Plants: Introduction of endochitinase gene from Trichoderma into plants such as tobacco and potato plants have increased their resistance to fungal growth. Selected transgenic lines are highly tolerant to foliar pathogens such as Alternaria alternata, A. solani, and Botrytis cirerea as well as to the soil-borne pathogen, Rhizectonia spp
Bioremediation: Trichoderma strains play an important role in the bioremediation of soil that are contaminated with pesticides and herbicides. They have the ability to degrade a wide range of insecticides: organochlorines, organophosphates and carbonates
Production
Biological suppression of plant pathogenic fungi has been dominated by use of Trichoderma spp all over the world for last 2-3 decades. Trichoderma spp. act as a biofungicide against many plant pathogenic fungi and have been found to induce systemic resistance in plants. The field applications of Trichoderma spp. require mass multiplication which can be done using solid as well as liquid state fermentation. In the industrialized nations, liquid fermentation is extensively used for multiplication of Trichoderma spp. for commercial formulation. However, solid state fermentation is preferred in developing countries like India due to low initial investment as well as availability of cheap labour and space. Presently, solid state fermentation technology uses food grains including sorghum and bajra for commercial mass multiplication of Trichoderma spp at an industrial scale. However, the food grains are comparatively expensive, have short storage life and may not be available freely due to climatic stress. Thus there is an urgent need to develop a formulation based on easily available material and with lower input cost. We have developed a low cost mass multiplication medium for faster growth of Trichoderma spp. This material supports better growth of biofungicide compared to existing methods and addition of synthetic sticker is not required while making its formulation. Another advantage is that this material can be used for both solid as well as liquid fermentation. This material provides longer shelf life of the biofungicides and also improves the resistance of the plant against diseases. The process is cheaper than the existing methods and is based on the material which is inexpensive and available locally. This technology will thus be a boon to the biopestcides industry based on Trichoderma spp.
Manufacturer
Manidharma Biotech Private Limited 
No. 61, Kamatchi Nagar, Madhanandhapuram ,
Chennai - 600125, Tamil Nadu
www.manidharmabiotech.com
Agri Life 
SOM Phytopharma India Limited, Plot No. 154/ A 5, SVCIE, IDA, Bollaram, Medak District,
Hyderabad - 502325, Telangana
www.indiamart.com/agrilife
Sushil Corporation 
No. 325, Vikram Tower, 2nd Floor, Sapana Sangita Road ,
Indore - 452001, Madhya Pradesh
www.bioorganicfertilizer.com
Prabhat Fertilizer & Chemical Works 
Village Kurali, Indri Road ,
Karnal - 132001, Haryana
www.indiamart.com/prabhatfertilizerandchemicalworks

Vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is the process of producing organic fertilizer (vermicompost) using agricultural wastes through the digestive action of earthworms. It is a promising technique that has shown its potential in certain challenging areas like augmentation of food production, waste recycling and management of solid wastes etc. It helps to avoid the environmental pollution and expenditure of resources to treat the organic waste.

Vermicompost improves soil texture and enhances water-holding capacity of the soil. It may be low in NPK but contains essential nutrient (e.g. calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron and zinc) not found in inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, it has microbial activities that promote plant health and pest/disease resistance. With the abundant source o f material in farms, vermicompost can help protect the environment, promote and sustain soil productivity and generate livelihood opportunities for rural families.

Technique

• Vermicomposting unit should be in a cool, moist and shady site
• Cow dung and chopped dried leafy materials are mixed in the proportion of 3: 1 and are    kept for partial decomposition for 15 – 20 days.
• A layer of 15-20cm of chopped dried leaves/grasses should be kept as bedding material at the bottom of the bed.
• Beds of partially decomposed material of size 6x2x2 feet should be made.
• Each bed should contain 1.5-2.0q of raw material and the number of beds can be increased as per raw material availability and requirement.
• Red earthworm (1500-2000) should be released on the upper layer of bed.
• Water should be sprinkled with can immediately after the release of worms.
• Beds should be kept moist by sprinkling of water (daily) and by covering with gunny bags/polythene.
• Bed should be turned once after 30 days for maintaining aeration and for proper decomposition.
• Compost gets ready in 45-50 days.
• The finished product is 3/4th of the raw materials used

Nutrient Analysis of Vermicompost

Application.

• The worm castings contain higher percentage of both macro and micronutrients than the garden compost.
• Use vermicompost immediately, or store it and use it later.  
• Apart from other nutrients, a fine worm cast is rich in NPK which are in readily available form and are released within a month of application.
• It can be mixed into your garden soil and around your trees and plants.  
• You can use it as a top dressing on outdoor plants or sprinkle it on your lawn as a conditioner.  
• It enhances plant growth, suppresses disease in plants, increases porosity and microbial activity in soil, and improves water retention and aeration.
• It also benefits the environment by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and decreasing the amount of waste going to landfills.
• It may be applied directly to plant foliage, reportedly to enhance disease suppression.
• It may be applied to the soil as a supplement between compost applications to increase biological activity.
• If there are worms or eggs in the castings, return them to the worm bin.  

Manufacturer

1. Sumukha Farm Products Pvt Ltd.

Saravana Kumar (Managing Director)
No. 4, Srivari Tower, Kamaraj Colony, 2nd Cross
Hosur - 635109, Tamil Nadu, India
http://www.nutriline.in/

2. Divya Pruthvi Agronomics Pvt. Ltd.

Avinash Muthal           (CEO)
No. 14- A, Shishaknagar, Lane No. 9, Paud Road
Pune - 411038, Maharashtra, India
http://www.indiamart.com/divya-pruthvi-agronomics/

3. Sunrise Agriland Development & Research Private Limited

Atul Gupta (Administrator)
J-890, Phase 3, Sitapura Industrial Area, Tonk Road
Jaipur - 302022, Rajasthan, India
http://www.indiamart.com/sunriseagrilanddevelopment/

4. Crystal Home Appliances[India]

Mukesh Bahrod (Director)
No. 15, Shiv Nagar, Near Pink City Hospital, Murlipura Scheme
Jaipur - 302013, Rajasthan, India
http://www.crystalappliances.com/

Mushroom

1. Introduction

The word mushroom may mean different things to different people and countries. In a more broad sense “mushroom is a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which Mushrooms along with other fungi are something special in the living world, being neither plant nor animal. They have been placed in a kingdom of their own, called Myceteae. In a more broad sense “mushroom is a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which can be either epigeous or hypogeous and large enough to be seen with naked eye and to be picked by hand”.  Mushrooms can be Ascomycetes, grow underground, have a nonfleshy texture, and need not be edible. The most common type of mushrooms is umbrella shaped with a pileus (cap) and a stipe (stem), that is, Lentinula edodes. Other species additionally have a volva (cup), that is, Volvariella volvacea, or an annulus (ring), that is, Agaricus campestris, or both, that is, Amanita muscaria. Furthermore, some mushrooms are in the form of pliable cups; others are round like golf balls. Some are in the shape of small clubs; some resemble coral; others are yellow or orange jellylike globs; and some even very much resemble the human ear. In fact, there is a countless variety of forms.

2. Cultivable edible mushroom in India

In India, mushroom is a unique non-traditional cash crop grown indoors, both as a seasonal crop and round-the-year under the controlled environmental conditions. About 2000 species of fungi are used as food by tribes and various communities, however, only a few are cultivated. Climatic conditions in India are favourable for natural occurrence of mushrooms and some of them are regularly collected and used as food by the natives particularly those belonging to tribes. The common mushrooms collected from nature are species of Astraeus, Auricularia, Calvatia, Cantharellus, Lycoperdon, Morchella, Schizophyllum, Termitomyces, Tuber etc.

Three mushrooms are commonly cultivated throughout India namely button (Agaricus bisporus), Oyster (Pleurotus spp.) and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea). Their ability to grow on agricultural wastes in less area required for cultivation makes an attractive proposition for income generation. The added advantage is in improvement in dietary leading to solution to malnutrition, pollution abatement and diversification of agriculture. Mushroom cultivation produces about 32 tons of dry protein per year in per acre of land while by fish farming only 3 quintals of proteins can be produced. The agriculture wastes which are burnt and cause environmental pollution, if can be used for mushroom cultivation will not only check pollution but will also play an important role in carbon sequestration and proper utilization of waste products.
Table: Cultivable edible mushrooms of India and their scientific name

3. Naturally available edible mushroom

However the forest provides large and diverse varieties of wild edible mushrooms. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer, Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, T. albuminosa (Berk.) R., T. heimii K. Natarajan, Boletus edulis Bull and some are commonly collected and consumed wild edible mushrooms. They are rich in protein and can easily fit into all's platter, being a vegetarian product.

4. Techniques of cultivation

The whole process of mushroom production can be divided into the following steps:

(i) Spawn production

(ii) Compost preparation

(iii) Spawning

(iv) Spawn running

(v) Casing

(vi) Fruiting

 

(i) Spawn Production

Spawn is produced from fruiting culture / stocks of selected strains of mushrooms under sterile conditions. Stock culture may be produced in the lab or may be obtained from other reputed sources. Fruiting culture is mainly imported from various places including foreign sources which give higher yield than Indian strains and the spawn is produced in the lab. The spawn should be of good quality in terms of flavour, texture and size apart from having potential for high yield and longer shelf life

(ii) Compost Preparation

The substrate on which button mushroom grows is mainly prepared from a mixture of plant wastes (cereal straw/ sugarcane bagasse etc.), salts (urea , superphosphate / gypsum etc), supplements (rice bran/ wheat bran) and water. In order to produce 1 kg.of mushroom, 220 g. of dry substrate materials are required. It is recommended that each ton of compost should contain 6.6 kg. nitrogen, 2.0 kg. phosphate and 5.0 kg. of potassium (N:P:K- 33: 10:25) which would get converted into 1.98% N, 0.62% P and 1.5% K on a dry weight basis. The ratio of C: N in a good substrate should be 25-30 : 1 at the time of staking and 16-17 : 1 in the case of final compost.
(a)    Short Method of composting
During the first phase of compost preparation, paddy straw is placed in layers and sufficient water is added to the stack along with fertilizers, wheat bran, molasses etc. The whole thing is mixed thoroughly with the straw and made into a stack (almost 5feet high,5 feet wide and of any length can be made with the help of wooden boards). The stack is turned and again watered on the second day. On the fourth day the stack is again turned for the second time by adding gypsum and watered. The third and final turning is given on the twelveth day when the colour of the compost changes into dark brown and it starts emitting a strong smell of ammonia. 
The second phase is the pasteurization phase .The compost prepared as a result of microbe mediated fermentation process needs to be pasteurized in order to kill undesirable microbes and competitors and to convert ammonia into microbial protein. The whole process is carried out inside a steaming room where an air temperature of 600 C is maintained for 4 hours. The compost finally obtained should be granular in structure with 70% moisture content and pH 7.5. It should have a dark brown colour, sweet unobnoxious smell and free from ammonia, insects and nematodes. After the process is complete, the substrate is cooled down to 250 C.
(b)   Long Method of composting
The long method of composting is usually practiced in areas where facilities for steam pasteurization is not available. In this method, the first turning is given about six days after preparation of the substrate for composting. The second turning is given on the tenth day followed by third one on the thirteenth day when gypsum is added. The fourth, fifth and sixth turnings are given on the sixteenth, nineteenth and twenty-second day. On the twenty-fifth day the seventh turning is given by adding 10% BHC (125 g.) and the eighth turning is given on the twenty-eighth day after which it is checked whether there is any smell of ammonia present in the compost. The compost is ready for spawning only if it doesn’t have any smell of ammonia; otherwise a few more turnings are given at an interval of three days till there is no smell of ammonia. 

(iii) Spawning

The process of mixing spawn with compost is called spawning. The different methods followed for spawning are given below:

• Spot Spawning: Lumps of spawn are planted in 5 cm. deep holes made in the compost at a distance of 20-25 cm. The holes are later covered with compost.
• Surface Spawning: The spawn is evenly spread in the top layer of the compost and then mixed to a depth of 3-5 cm. The top portion is covered with a thin layer of compost.
• Layer Spawning: About 3-4 layers of spawn mixed with compost are prepared which is again covered with a thin layer of compost like in surface spawning.  The spawn is mixed through the whole mass of compost at the rate of 7.5 ml./ kg. compost or 500 to 750 g./ 100 kg. compost (0.5 to 0.75%).        

(iv) Spawn Running

After the spawning process is over, the compost is filled in polythene bags(90x90 cm., 150 gauge thick having a capacity of 20-25 kg. per bag)/ trays(mostly wooden trays 1x1/2 m. accommodating 20-30 kg. compost) / shelves which are either covered with a  newspaper sheet or polythene. The fungal bodies grow out from the spawn and take about two weeks (12-14 days) to colonise. The temperature maintained in cropping room is 23 ± 20 C. Higher temperature is detrimental for growth of the spawn and any temperature below than that specified for the purpose would result in slower spawn run. The relative humidity should be around 90% and a higher than normal CO2 concentration would be beneficial.

(v) Casing

The compost beds after complete spawn run should be covered with a layer of soil (casing) about 3-4 cm. thick to induce fruiting. The casing material should be having high porosity, water holding capacity and the pH should range between 7-7.5. Peat moss which is considered to be the best casing material is not available in India, as such the mixtures like garden loam soil and sand (4:1); decomposed cow dung and loam soil (1:1) and spent compost (2-3 years old); sand and lime are commonly used. 
The casing soil before application should be either pasteurized (at 66-700 C for 7-8 hours), treated with formaldehyde (2%), formaldehyde (2%) and bavistin (75 ppm.) or steam sterilized. The treatment needs to be done at least 15 days before the material is used for casing. After casing is done the temperature of the room is again maintained at 23-280 C and relative humidity of 85-90% for another 8-10 days. Low CO2 concentration is favourable for reproductive growth at this stage.

(vi)Fruiting

Under favourable environmental conditions viz. temperature (initially 23 ± 20 C for about a week and then 16 ± 20 C ), moisture (2-3 light sprays per day for moistening the casing layer), humidity( above 85%), proper ventilation and CO2 concentration (0.08-0.15 %) the fruit body initials which appear in the form of pin heads start growing and gradually develop into button stage.

(vii) Harvesting and Yield

Harvesting is done at button stage and caps measuring 2.5 to 4 cm. across and closed are ideal for the purpose. The first crop appears about three weeks after casing. Mushrooms need to be harvested by light twisting without disturbing the casing soil. Once the   harvesting is complete, the gaps in the beds should be filled with fresh sterilized casing material and then watered.
About 10-14 kg. Fresh mushrooms per 100 kg. Fresh compost can be obtained in two months crop. Short method used for preparation of compost under natural conditions gives more yield (15-20 kg. per 100 kg. compost).

Fig 1. In-vitro Mushroom production technique

5. Mushroom biotechnology

Mushroom biotechnology is concerned with mushroom products and encompasses the principles of fermentation technology, mushroom biology/microbiology, and bioprocess. The products have a more generalized or tonic effect, which in some cases may act prophylactically by increasing resistance to disease in humans from the balancing of nutrients in the diet and the enhancing of the immune systems.

(i) Non green revolution

The world population has reached over 6 billion now. It is expected to continue increasing in the twenty-first century. The amount of food and the level of medical care available to each individual, especially those in less developed countries, will decrease. Environmental pollution and greenhouse gas effects will also become a more serious problem. However, the world has an immense amount of lignocellulosic material resource that, like solar energy, is sustainable. Lignocellulosic material is a kind of biomass which is estimated to amount to 1.09x 1011 t dry matter on land annually, which consists of mainly three components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignocellulose is a major component of wood and other plant materials. The world’s annual yield of cereal straws in 1999 is estimated to be 3570 x 106 t. Since such a large amount of energy is in lignocellulosic biomass (3020 EJ solar energy fixed in biomass per year), it can constitute principal objects for conversion into useful products by man’s activities.

(ii) Nutritional  and Medicinal value of Mushrooms

The greatest difficulty in feeding humans is to supply a sufficient quantity of the body-building material protein. The other three nutritional categories are the source of energy (carbohydrates and fats); accessory food factors (vitamins); and inorganic compounds which are indispensable to good health.
The moisture content of fresh mushrooms varies within the range 70–95% depending upon the harvest time and environmental conditions, whereas it is about 10–13% in dried mushrooms. The protein content of cultivated species ranges from 1.75 to 5.9% of their fresh weight. It has been estimated that an average value of 3.5–4.0% would be more representative. This means that the protein content of edible mushrooms in general is about twice that of onion (1.4%) and cabbage (1.4%) and 4 and 12 times those of oranges (1.0%) and apples (0.3%), respectively. In comparison, the protein content of common meats is as follows: pork, 9–16%; beef, 12–20%; chicken, 18–20%; fish, 18–20%; and milk, 2.9–3.3%. On a dry-weight basis, mushrooms normally contain 19–35% protein, as compared to 7.3% in rice, 12.7% in wheat, 38.1% in soybean, and 9.4% in corn. Therefore, in terms of the amount of crude protein, mushrooms rank below animal meats but well above most other foods, including milk, which is an animal product. Furthermore, mushroom protein contains all the nine essential amino acids required by humans.
In addition to their good protein, mushrooms are a relatively good source of the following individual nutrients: fat, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, and niacin. They are low in calories, carbohydrates, and calcium. It has also been reported that a total lipid content varying between 0.6 and 3.1% of the dry weight is found in the commonly cultivated mushrooms. At least 72% of the total fatty acids are found to be unsaturated in all the four tested mushrooms. It should be noted that unsaturated fatty acids are essential and significant for our diet and our health.

(iii) Mushroom bioremediation

This component of applied mushroom biology deals mainly with the aspects of benefits to the earth from the activities of mushroom mycelium. Environmental contamination can be  ameliorated by the application of mushroom mycelial technologies. 

• The use of  bioconversion processes to transform the polluting substances into valuable foodstuffs, for example, the proper treatment and reutilization of spent substrates/composts in order to eliminate the pollution problems.

• The use of fungi/mushroom mycelia as tools for healing soil, called “mycorestoration,” . The processes of mycorestoration include the selective use of mushrooms for mycofiltration to filter water, mycoforestry to enact ecoforestry policy, mycoremediation to denature toxic wastes, and mycopesticides to control insect pests. Mycorestoration recognizes the primary role fungi/mushrooms play in determining the balance of biological populations.

6. Manufacturer